microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression. Despite their tiny size – typically about 20 to 22 nucleotides long – these molecules have a significant impact on various biological processes and are vital for maintaining cellular functions. These small RNA molecules are found in plants, animals and some viruses. They are produced from longer RNA precursors and undergo a series of processing steps to become functional. Once formed, miRNAs can bind to messenger RNA (mRNA), which is the RNA copy of a gene that carries instructions for making proteins. By binding to mRNA, miRNAs can inhibit protein production or lead to the degradation of the mRNA, effectively silencing the gene.
General scheme of microRNAs function
These miRNAs were first discovered in the early 1990s, and this week the lead researchers behind this discovery, Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun, have been awarded with the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of miRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Learn more about their work at The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024 - Advanced information - NobelPrize.org
How do microRNAs Work?
The primary function of microRNAs is to fine-tune gene expression. They act like an orchestra conductor regulating the volume of the melodies; in other words, they turn down the expression of certain genes without completely shutting them off. Although we know that the number of miRNAs is low, it is estimated that they regulate more than 33% of the transcription processes that occur in cells. This regulation is essential for several processes, such as:
Cellular development: miRNAs help control the growth and differentiation of cells during development. They ensure that cells develop into the correct type, whether that be a muscle cell, nerve cell, or any other cell type.
Response to stress: When cells encounter stress—such as oxidative stress or nutrient deprivation—miRNAs can adjust the expression of genes involved in survival and adaptation.
Maintaining homeostasis: miRNAs play a key role in maintaining balance within the body by regulating metabolic pathways, immune responses, and even hormonal functions.
MicroRNAs are small but mighty regulators of gene expression, influencing a wide range of biological processes and disease states. Since miRNAs are relatively stable in biofluids and have a wide range of biological potential, these molecules are suited to be used as non-invasive biomarkers in diagnosis, drug safety, and pre-clinical toxicity. Many studies have proven that secreted miRNAs are involved in conditions such as organ damage, cancers, and coronary heart disease.
Role of microRNAs in health and disease
As research continues to uncover their complex roles, microRNAs could pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies that harness their regulatory power to improve human health and personalize medicine. Understanding these tiny molecules could lead to breakthroughs in our approach to treating diseases, ultimately enhancing our ability to maintain health and well-being.
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